A dowager's hump in older adults is a forward rounding at the base of the neck and upper back caused by long-term postural changes, weakened postural muscles, thoracic stiffness, and in some cases age-related changes in spinal bone density.
Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that permanently joins two or more vertebrae in the spine, eliminating painful movement between unstable or damaged segments.
Back pain avoidance is a behavioural pattern where people repeatedly delay addressing lower back pain due to normalisation, denial, or a belief that rest alone is sufficient - leading to progressive physical deterioration and longer, more complex recovery.
Lower lumbar pain is discomfort, aching, or stiffness in the lowest section of the spine (vertebrae L1-L5), typically caused by muscle imbalances, postural dysfunction, or repetitive mechanical stress rather than structural damage.